Biotransformation of perfumery terpenoids, (−)-ambrox® by a fungal culture Macrophomina phaseolina and a plant cell suspension culture of Peganum harmala

Background Biotransformation offers chemo enzymatic system to modify the compounds into their novel analogues which are difficult to synthesize by chemical methods. This paper describes the biotransformational studies of ambrox, one of the most important components of natural Ambergris (wale sperm) with fungal and plant cell culture. Results Biotransformation of (−)-ambrox (1) with a fungal cell culture of Macrophomina phaseolina and a plant cell suspension cultures of Peganum harmala yielded oxygenated products, 3β-hydroxyambrox (2), 6β-hydroxyambrox (3), 1α-hydroxy-3oxoambrox (4), 1α,3β-dihydroxyambrox (5), 13,14,15,16-tetranorlabdane-3-oxo-8,12-diol (6), 3-oxoambrox (7), 2α-hydroxyambrox (8), 3β-hydroxysclareolide (9), and 2α,3β-dihydroxyambrox (10). Metabolite 4 was found to be new compound. These metabolites were structurally characterized on the basis of spectroscopic studies. Conclusion Nine oxygenated metabolites of (−)-ambrox (1) were obtained from Macrophomina phaseolina and Peganum harmala. Enzymatic system of screened organisms introduced hydroxyl and keto functionalities at various positions of compound 1 in a stereo- and regio-controlled manner.


Background
Fungal cultures have been widely used for the structural modification of compounds to afford structurally novel derivatives [1,2], while utilization of plant cell suspension cultures for structural transformations is comparatively a new approach [3]. Only limited numbers of natural products have been transformed through different plant cell cultures. This paper describes the biotransformation of (−)-ambrox (1) by using cell suspension culture of plant Peganum harmala, and a fungal cell culture of Macrophomina phaseolina.
Peganum harmala L. (Harmal, Zygophyllaceae) is a bushy herb which is widely distributed in the Europe, Africa and Asia. P. harmala has been used in traditional system of medicine. Cell cultures of P. harmala have been extensively employed used to produce β-carboline alkaloids which exhibit interesting biological activities, such as enzyme inhibition, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antileishmanial activity [4,5]. P. harmala has also been used for the bioconversion of terpenes [6,7]. It also has the potential to discriminate between enantiomeric pairs of substrates [8].
(−)-Ambrox (1) is a highly fragrant constituent of Ambergris, a metabolite of the sperm whale. During drifting in the sea for many years, Ambergris is oxidatively decomposed by the action of sea water, air and sunlight yields several odorous compounds [8,9]. Among these compounds, (−)-ambrox (1) has a strong amber-like odor and graded as good as "Civet" and "Musk" [10]. (−)-Ambrox (1) is much stronger perfume than the (+)-ambrox. In recent years, it has become more difficult to obtain various kinds of animal perfumes because of the gradual reduction in the world's wild resources, and efforts to conserve wild animals. However, (−)-ambrox has been synthesized from various precursors including sclareol [11], cyclization of polyprenoids [12] and labdanolic acid [13].

Experimental
General experimental conditions (−)-Ambrox W (1) (the term "ambrox" is trademark registered in the name of the Swiss company, Firmenich SA) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). The melting points were determined on Buchi 535 melting point apparatus and were uncorrected. JASCO DIP-360 Digital polarimeter was used to measure the optical rotations in chloroform. FTIR-8900 Spectrophotometer was used to record IR spectra in CHCl 3 . The 1 H-NMR spectra were recorded on 500 MHz, while 13 C-NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker AMX-500 operating at 125 MHz using CDCl 3 as solvent. Chemical shifts were reported in δ (ppm), relative to SiMe 4 as internal standard, and coupling constants (J) were measured in Hz. The EI-MS and HRFAB-MS were measured on Jeol HX 110 mass spectrometer. TLC was performed on Si gel precoated plates (PF 254 , 20 × 20, 0.25 mm, Merck, Germany). Ceric sulphate spraying reagent was used for the staining of compounds on TLC. All reagents used were of analytical grades.

Biotransformation of 1 by plant cell culture
Seeds of Peganum harmala were collected from the campus of International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi. A voucher specimen (#74168) of plant Peganum harmala, from which the seeds were collected, was deposited in the Herbarium of Department of Botany, University of Karachi. Seeds were germinated in 300 mL jars, each having 25 mL of Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 3% sucrose. The calli was initiated from germinated young leaves, cultivated in 300 mL jars each having 25 mL of MS medium containing 0.1 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 1 mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) solidified by agar (6 g/L) at 25°C ± 1°C (under complete darkness). The cultures were maintained on the same medium at 25°C ± 1°C (in the dark by sub culturing after every four weeks). Two-week-old friable calli were used to initiate cell suspension culture in the above mentioned MS medium without agar (solidifying agent). The cells were grown on shaking at 110 rpm for 15 days at 25°C under a 16 h photoperiod.
After 15 days, the cells were harvested and introduced onto the above mentioned freshly prepared medium. After 4 days of transfer to fresh media, the substrate 1 (600 mg) was dissolved in DMSO (10 mL) and evenly distributed among 10 culture flasks (1 liter) having 400 mL cell suspension media under aseptic conditions, which were kept for 15 days under the same conditions. During the cell growth period, aliquots from culture were taken out every day and analyzed by TLC in order to determine the degree of transformation of substrate.
In all experiments, one control flask without cell culture (for checking substrate stability), and another flask with cell culture but without exogenous substrate (for checking endogenous metabolite), were used. containing 24-h-old stage II cultures, and fermentation was continued for further 12-days on a rotatory shaker (100 rpm) at room temperature. In all experiments, one control flask without biomass (for checking substrate stability), and one flask without exogenous substrate (for the identification of endogenous metabolites) were used.

Extraction and isolation of metabolites
In case of fungal cell culture, fermentation experiment was allowed to process for four days after the final feed. The culture media and mycelium were separated by filtration. The mycelium was washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (1 L) and the filtrate was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 × 2 L). The combined organic extract was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , and evaporated under reduced pressures to obtain a brown gum (2.62 g), which was purified by using column chromatography. Elution with gradient mixture of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether afforded compounds 2 (11 mg, 19% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether), 3 (7 mg, 23% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether), 4 (21 mg, 31% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether), 5 (16 mg, 37% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether) and 6 (24 mg, 41% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether). In case of plant cell culture, the similar procedure was used as described above. From 600 mg of compound 1, CH 2 Cl 2 extract (1.86 g) was obtained from the fermentation broth after 6 days, and subjected to column chromatography over silica gel with gradient elution of petroleum ether-ethyl acetate to obtain compounds 7 (

Time-course study and TLC densitometry analysis
Time course experiment was conducted during the fermentation, one culture flask was harvested daily, extracted with the 300 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 organic solvent and analyzed by TLC-densitometry method in order to determine the degree of transformation of the substrate. A CAMAG TLC autosampler (Linomat 5) was used for the spotting. Video densitometry of the chromatoplate was carried out with the help of CAMAG Reprostar 3 and the integrated software of WinCATS (Version 1.4.4.6337) was used for the analysis. Precoated silica gel aluminum sheets 60 F-254 (20 cm × 10 cm) were used for the application of samples which were spotted as bands of width 6 mm with a CAMAG 100 μL syringe. Linear ascending development of spotted TLC sheet was carried out in 20  cm × 10 cm twin trough vertical glass chamber (CAMAG) with 10 mL mobile phase (hexane: acetone = 6:4, v/v) in unsaturated condition. Developed plate was stained with ceric sulphate. Densitometric scanning was performed in the reflectance-absorbance mode at λ max 550 nm. Picture of TLC plate was obtained by using CAMAG Reprostar 3 with cabinet cover and mounted on digital camera on white R mode. flasks, incubated with Macrophomina phaseolina, showed metabolites formation after 24 hrs of incubation, while further continuation of fermentation showed significant changes (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Formation of metabolites 2, 3, 4 and 6 were observed after 24 hrs of incubation, while daily analysis of extract on TLC indicated that metabolite 5 appeared in a significant amount after 3-days of treatment, while concentration of compound 2 was gradually decreasing. Further continuation of fermentation causes a decrease in the concentrations of all metabolites (Figure 4), therefore, all flasks were harvested after four days of incubation. Above observation indicated that metabolite 5 arose by the selective oxidation of C-3 hydroxyl group from compound 4, while metabolite 6 was formed by the oxidation of C-3 hydroxyl group, followed by hydrolysis of ether (compound 2).

Results and discussion
Time course experiment of 1 with Peganum harmala indicated that the metabolites 7-10 were formed after six days of incubation, while further continuation of fermentation experiments have not caused any significant changes.
In conclusion, resulting biotransformed products represent interesting structural transformations. In case of Macrophomina phaseolina, compound 1 gone through an hydroxylation at C-3β, C-6β, and C-1α and regio controlled keto formation at C-3. Moreover ether hydrolysis was also observed. Compound 1 incubated with Peganum harmala resulted the production of hydroxylated products at C-2α and C-3β, while compound 9 showed lactone formation in five member ring i.e. sclareolide skeleton, Formation of scelerids skeleton from ambrox is a well known process biosynthetically. These transformations provide accesses to regions of the ambrox skeletons, which are difficult to be functionalized by conventional chemical methods. These products may therefore be useful for the development of new fragrances.