Skip to main content

Synthesis, reactions and biological activity of some new bis-heterocyclic ring compounds containing sulphur atom

Abstract

Background

The derivatives of thieno[2,3-b]thiophene belong to a significant category of heterocyclic compounds, which have shown a wide spectrum of medical and industrial application.

Results

A new building block with two electrophilic center of thieno[2,3-b]thiophene derivatives 2 has been reported by one-pot reaction of diketone derivative 1 with Br2/AcOH in excellent yield. A variety of heteroaromatics having bis(1H-imidazo[1,2a] benzimidazole), bis(1H-imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazole)-3-methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene derivatives, dioxazolo-, dithiazolo-, and 1H-imidazolo-3-methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene derivatives as well pyrrolo, thiazolo -3-methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene derivatives have been designed, synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their biological activity. Compounds 39 showed good bioassay result. These new derivatives were evaluated for anti-cancer activity against PC-3 cell lines, in vitro antioxidant potential and β-glucuronidase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Compound 3 (IC50 = 56.26 ± 3.18 μM) showed a potent DPPH radical scavenging antioxidant activity and found to be more active than standard N-acetylcystein (IC50 = 105.9 ± 1.1 μM). Compounds 8a (IC50 = 13.2 ± 0.34 μM) and 8b (IC50 = 14.1 ± 0.28 μM) found as potent inhibitor of α-glucusidase several fold more active than the standard acarbose (IC50 = 841 ± 1.73 μM). Most promising results were obtained in β-glucuronidase enzyme inhibition assay. Compounds 5 (IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.019 μM), 6 (IC50 = 19.9 ± 0.285 μM), 8a (IC50 = 1.2 ± 0.0785 μM) and 9 (IC50 = 0.003 ± 0.09 μM) showed a potent inhibition of β-glucuronidase. Compound 9 was found to be several hundred fold more active than standard D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50 = 45.75 ± 2.16 μM).

Conclusions

Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro biological activity of a series of thieno[2,3-b]thiophene have been investigated.

Background

Thieno[2,3-b]thiophenes represent a class of heterocyclic compounds endowed with potent antitumor and antiviral activity,[17] In particular, thienothiophene derivatives are reported as antiglaucoma drugs, as inhibitors of platelet aggregation, or as antibitotic [812]. Annulation of heterocyclic moieties on the thieno[2,3-b]thiophene nucleus led to the formation of diverse hetero analogues, which exhibited remarkable chemical and biological activities. For the past few years, Various protocols have been prepared and evaluated biologically important compounds derived from thieno [2,3-b]thiophene [1328]. We have reported for the first time the anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and β-glucuronidase and α-glucosidase inhibition potential of thieno[2,3-b]thiophenes based molecules [20]. Furthermore, Studies revealed that compounds with nitrogen-oxygen- and sulfur containing heterocycles are chemotherapeutics available. Thiazoles and their derivatives have attracted much attention due to their wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, Such as treat allergies, [29] schizophrenia, hypertension, inflammation, bacterial and HIV infections [3035].

The promising results of previous studies [20, 3638] prompted us to further extend our research towards the synthesis of annulation of heterocyclic systems of potential biological application. In continuation of our previous work we are reporting here the synthesis of some more analogues of thieno[2,3-b]thiophene moiety as a base unit and their in vitro anti-oxidant activity, including α-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase inhibition and anticancer activity against PC-3 cell lines.

Results and discussion

Chemistry

One possible synthetic strategy for the target bis(1H-imidazo[1,2a] benzimidazole) and bis(1H-imidazo[1,2-b][1, 2, 4]triazole)-3-methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene derivatives, dioxazolo-, dithiazolo-, and 1H-imidazolo-3-methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene derivatives as well pyrrolo, thiazolo-3-methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene derivatives as could have made use of bromoketone 2 (Scheme 1) as template for the annulation of the five member ring. Such intermediates were obtained from ketone of type 1, about which not much is reported in literature.

Scheme 1
scheme 1

Synthesis of 2, 3, and 4a-c.

Having in hand a new building block of starting ketones of type 1, the next step would be the functionalization of a position to the carbonyl to introduce in the molecule a second electrophilic center that, together with the carbonyl group, should allow the cyclization with dinucleophiles. Direct introduction of the bromine functionality was also studied.

Thieno[2,3-b]thiophene derivatives 1 was converted into the corresponding bromoketone2 (85%) using Br2 in refluxing AcOH for 1 h. The desired product was obtained by filtration, washed with water, dried well and recrystallized from ethanol to give white crystals.

To synthesize the bis heterocyclic system, we could react bromoketone 2 with 1,3-dinucleophiles having a C-C-N structure, such as cyanothioacetamide, 2-cyano-2-arylmethylene-thioacetamide, and malononitrile.

Compound 3 was synthesized by reaction of bromoketone 2 with suitably cyanothioacetamide under conventional reflux conditions in the presence of a catalytic amount of TEA using ethanol as a solvent. The structure of the isolated cycloadduct was determined by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectral and elemental analyses. The utility of 3 towards suitably aldehydes for example benzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzaldehyde, p-methoxybenzaldehyde was also investigated. Compounds 4a-c were prepared by reaction of 3 with suitable aromatic aldehyde under conventional reflux conditions in the presence of a catalytic amount of TEA using ethanol as a solvent. Alternatively, compounds 4a-c were obtained by the fusion of thieno[2,3-b]thiophene derivative 2 with 2-cyano-2-arylmethylene-thioacetamide neat (Scheme 1). On the other hand, compound 5 was synthesized by treating the corresponding bromoketone 2 with malononitrile by thermal intramolecular cyclization reaction via an initial Michael type adduct. The IR(KBr) spectrum of compound 5, exhibit absorption band due to the stretching vibrations of CN group at 2212 cm-1. The later compound was also confirmed by 1H-NMR spectrum exhibited signals at δ 1.20, 1.90, and 3.90, due to CH3, CH2, and CH pyrrole protons respectively, in addition to an aromatic multiplet in the region of δ 7.53–7.57. Its mass spectrum showed the molecular ion peak at m/z 410 (see Additional file 1).

Annulated heterocycles was further developed via reaction of bromoketone2 with different nucleophiles likes 2-aminobenzimidazole, 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole with a view to synthesizing various heterocyclic ring systems. Compounds 67 were synthesized by reaction of 2 with suitably amine derivatives under conventional reflux conditions in the presence of a catalytic amount of TEA using ethanol as a solvent affording the desired product 6 (87%) and 7 (72%)(Scheme 2). The 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) spectrum of the compound 6 revealed three singlets signal at δ 1.96, 8.86, and 12.82 assigned to CH3, CH (imidazo-H), and NH (hydrogen-bonded with S) respectively. Its mass spectrum revealed a molecular ion peak at m/z 540. It is assumed that the product 7 was formed via initial formation of a nonisolable hydrazonal followed by elimination of H2O and HBr to give the desired product.

Scheme 2
scheme 2

Synthesis of annulated heterocycles 6,7.

Addition experiments of bromoketone 2 were carried out to afford the oxazole, thiazole, and 1H-imidazole after an elimination/aromatization of the cycloadduct intermediate. Conventional heating of bromoketone 2 with the corresponding N-nucleophile urea derivatives derivative at reflux temperatures had to be employed for the synthesis of oxazole, thiazole, and 1H-imidazole derivatives 8a-c were synthesized following the conventional procedure bromoketone 2 with in ethanol at reflux in very good yield as depicted in (Scheme 3). Compounds 8a-c were supposed to be formed via stepwise formation of hydrazone followed by a Michael 1,4-addition of the nucleophile nitrogen atom.

Scheme 3
scheme 3

Synthesis of 8a–c and 9a-b.

The structure of the desired compound 8a was deduced by the 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) spectrum which displayed a three singlet’s signal at δ 1.79, 6.76, and 7.54 assignable to CH3, NH2, and CH of oxazole ring respectively. The formation of compound 8a would involve an initial addition of the amino group in urea to the electrophilic center of bromo functionalities in bromoketone 2, then elimination of HBr subsequently cyclization and aromatization via loss of water gave the final desired compound (Scheme 3). The later hypothesis has been confirmed by reaction only bromoketone 2 (dielectrophilic centers) with only one nucleophilic center such as amine derivatives. Thus refluxing bromoketone 2 with aniline derivatives in EtOH for 6-8 h affording 9a-b in excellent yield (Scheme 3). Spectral data (IR, NMR, MS) and elemental analysis were consistent with isolated product 9a. The 1H-NMR spectrum of 9a showed three singlets signal at δ 2.02, 4.42 and 7.61 due to CH3, CH2, and NH protons, in addition IR spectrum revealed absorption band at 1653, and 3385 cm-1 corresponding to two C = O and amino functions, respectively. Its mass spectrum revealed a molecular ion peak at m/z 496 it means that doesn’t contain a Br atom.

Biological activity evaluation

Compounds 39 were evaluated for potential biological activities through a battery of in vitro biochemical assays including anticancer activity against PC-3 cell lines, antioxidant potential in DPPH radical scavenging assay and β-glucuronidase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition assays. The results are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Results of various biological assays on compounds 39

Compound 3 (IC50 = 1.3 ± 0.172 μM) showed a potent antioxidant potential in DPPH radical scavenging assay and found to be more active than the standard N-acetylcystein (IC50 = 105.9 ± 1.1 μM). All other compounds found to be inactive. Compounds 5 (IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.019 μM), 6 (IC50 = 19.9 ± 0.285 μM), 8a (IC50 = 1.2 ± 0.0785 μM) and 9 (IC50 = 0.003 ± 0.09 μM) showed promising results for β-glucuronidase inhibition activity and found to be several fold more active than the standard D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50 = 45.75 ± 2.16 μM). 2-Aminoxazole and 2-aminothiazole substituted bis-thiazole ring containing compounds 8a (IC50 = 13.2 ± 0.34 μM) and 8b (IC50 = 14.1 ± 0.28 μM) showed potent α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition. Compound 8b also found as moderate anticancer agent (IC50 = 24.213 ± 0.29 μM) against PC-3 cell lines while tested against standard drug doxorubicin (IC50 = 0.912 ± 0.12 μM) as. All other compounds (3-8a, 9) were found to be non cytotoxic and showed >30% inhibition of PC-3 cancer cell lines.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we have successfully developed an easy practical access to novel and readily accessible building block 2 for the synthesis of biologically important compounds incorporating thieno[2,3-b]thiophene core (39). These compounds were evaluated for their biological activities in various in vitro biological assays. The potent antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibiting activities of compounds 3 and 8a, respectively, indicates their potential as possible leads for the treatment of oxidative stress and hyperglycemia associated health disorders. The most promising results of β -glucuronidase enzyme inhibitors 5, 6, 8a and 9 can serve as templates for the new drug candidates for the treatment of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS and other health problems associated with over expression of β -glucuronidase enzyme.

Experimental section

General

All melting points were measured on a Gallenkamp melting point apparatus. IR spectra were measured as KBr pellets on a Perking Elmer FT 1000 spectrophotometer. The NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Mercury Jeol-400 NMR spectrometer. 1H-NMR (400 MHz) and 13C-NMR were run in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO-d6). Chemical shifts (δ) are referred in terms of ppm and J -coupling constants are given in Hz. Abbreviations for multiplicity is as follows: s (singulet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quadruplet), m (multiplet). Mass spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu GCMS-QP 1000 EX mass spectrometer at 70 eV. Elemental analysis was carried out on an Elementar Vario EL analyzer.

1,1'-(3-Methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(2-bromoethanone) (2)

A mixture of 1 (3.14 g, 10 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (100 mL). The reaction mixture was heated up to 80–90°C with vigorous stirring. To this hot solution, bromine (1.1 mL) in glacial acetic acid (20 mL) was added drop wise over a period of 30 min. After complete addition of bromine, the reaction mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperature for further 1 h till the release of hydrogen bromide gas ceased, then poured onto ice. The solid product was collected by filtration, washed with water, dried well and recrystallized from ethanol to give white crystals of 2; Yield: 85%; solid, mp 142–144°C;IR (KBr) νmax/ cm-1: 1653; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 1.95 (s, 3H, CH3) 4.73 (s, 4H, 2CH2), 7.52-7.58 (m, 5H, Ar-H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 185.2, 160.8, 149.7, 141.2, 137.9, 135.9, 133.3, 129.2, 128.5, 125.5, 35.5, 13.8; MS m/z(%): 472 [M+, 35%]; Anal. calcd. for C17H12Br2O2S2 : C, 43.24; H, 2.56; S, 13.58; Found:C,43.19; H, 2.58; S,13.21.

2,2'-(4,4'-(3-Methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(thiazole-4,2-diyl)) diacetonitrile (3)

A mixture of compound 2 (472 mg, 1 mmol) and 2-cyanoethanethioamide (200 mg, 2 mmol) was heated under reflux for 8 h in EtOH (15 mL), in the presence of 0.5 mL of (TEA). The solid product was collected by filtration to give dark brown powder crystals; Yield (72%); solid, mp > 320°C; IR (KBr) νmax/ cm-1: 2247 ; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 1.84 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.45 (s, 4H, 2CH2), 6.3 (s, 2H, 2CH), 7.43-7.70 (m, 5H, Ar-H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 158.5, 158.2, 147.9, 147.7, 146.7, 135.0, 129.3, 128.9, 128.3, 127.3, 116.6, 115.8, 21.2, 13.4; MS m/z(%): 474[M+, 4%]; Anal. calcd. for C23H14N4S4: C, 58.20; H, 2.97; N, 11.80; S, 27.02; Found: C, 59.10; H, 2.86; N, 11.91; S, 26.12.

Compounds 4a-c was prepared in two methods

Method A (GP1)

Fusion of compound 2 (236 mg, 0.5 mmol) with 2-cyano-3-arylprop-2-enethioamide derivatives (2 equiv., 1 mmol). The solid product was collected by filtration and washed with EtOH, dried and the crude product was recrystallized from EtOH / DMF to give the corresponding compounds (4a-c).

Method A (GP2)

A mixture of compound 3 (237 mg, 0.5 mmol) and aromatic aldehydes (2 equiv., 1 mmol) was refluxed in EtOH (15 mL) for 7–9 h in the presence of 0.5 mL of (DMF). The solid product was collected by filtration to give the corresponding products 4a-c.

2-(4-(5-(2-(1-Cyano-2-phenylvinyl)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-phenylacrylonitrile (4a)

4a was prepared from 2-cyano-3-phenylprop-2-enethioamide following GP1, and from benzaldehyde following GP2, as a pale brown powder crystals; Yield (88%GP1,79% GP2); solid, mp 220–221°C; IR (KBr) νmax/ cm-1: 1606, 2212; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 1.93 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.49-8.03 (m, 15H, Ar-H) 8.21 (s, 2H, 2CH), 8.30 (s, 2H, 2Ar-CH); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 162.8, 146.1, 140.3,137.7, 136.4, 135.4, 133.5, 132.8, 130.2, 129.9, 129.1, 128.6, 125.4, 116.5, 115.8, 113.0, 14.3: MS m/z(%): 650[M+, 1.5%]; Anal. calcd. for C37H22N4S4: C, 68.28; H, 3.41; N, 8.61; S, 19.71; Found: C, 67.88; H, 3.30; N, 8.71; S, 19.41.

3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(4-(5-(2-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-cyanovinyl)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)acrylonitrile (4b)

4b was prepared from 2-cyano-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-enethioamide following GP1, and from 4-chlorobenzaldehyde following GP2, as a pale brown powder crystals; Yield (84%GP1 , 80% GP2); solid, mp 167–168°C;IR (KBr) νmax/ cm-1: 1606, 2218; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 1.97 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.48-8.05 (m, 15H, Ar-H) 8.16 (s, 2H, 2CH), 8.28 (s, 2H, 2Ar-CH); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 162.8, 146.1, 139.8,137.2, 136.1, 135.1, 133.5, 130.2, 129.9, 129.1, 128.6, 127.2, 116.5, 115.8, 112.0, 14.3; MS m/z(%): 719[M+, 1.5%]; Anal. calcd. for C37H20Cl2N4S4: C, 61.74; H, 2.80; N, 7.78; S, 17.82; Found: C, 61.93; H, 2.76; N, 7.65; S, 17.49.

2-(4-(5-(2-(1-Cyano-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)vinyl)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methyl-4-phenyl thieno[2,3-b]thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile (4c)

4c was prepared from 2-cyano-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enethioamide following GP1, and from 4-methoxybenzaldehyde following GP2, as a pale brown powder crystals; Yield (83%GP1, 80% GP2); solid, mp 238–239°C; IR (KBr) νmax/ cm-1: 1606, 2212;1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 1.96 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.85 (s, 3H, O-CH3), 7.14-8.01 (m, 15H, Ar-H), 8.23 (s, 2H, 2CH), 8.31 (s, 2H, 2Ar-CH); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 162.8, 146.1, 140.3,138.9, 137.0, 135.9, 134.8, 132.3, 130.2, 129.9, 129.1, 128.6, 116.5, 115.7, 55.8, 14.3; MS m/z(%): 710[M+, 1.5%]; Anal. calcd. for C39H26N4O2S4: C, 65.89; H, 3.69; N, 7.88; S, 18.04; Found: C, 66.76; H, 3.59; N, 7.97; S, 18.74.

3-(5-(4-Cyano-2H-pyrrol-3-yl)-3-methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophen-2-yl)-2H-pyrrole-4-carbonitrile (5)

A mixture of compound 2 (472 mg, 1 mmol) and malononitrile (132 mg, 2 mmol) was heated under reflux for 8 h in EtOH (15 mL), in the presence of 0.5 mL of (TEA). The solid product was collected by filtration to give dark purple powder crystals; Yield (66%); solid, mp > 320°C; IR (KBr) νmax/ cm-1: 2212;1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.2 (s, 4H, 2CH2), 1.9 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.9 (s, 2H, 2CH), 7.53-7.57 (m, 5H, Ar-H); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 159.6, 142.8, 138.7, 137.6, 135.0, 129.7, 129.3, 128.9, 128.3, 127.3, 115.8, 94.2, 55.9,13.4; MS m/z(%): 410[M+, 36%]; Anal. calcd. for C23H14N4S2: C, 67.29; H, 3.44; N, 13.65; S, 15.62; Found: C, 66.79; H, 3.49; N, 13.45; S, 15.78.

5,5'-(3-Methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(1H-imidazo[1,2a] benzimidazole) (6)

A mixture of compound 2 (236 mg, 0.5 mmol) and 2-aminobenzimidazole (133 mg, 1 mmol) was refluxed in EtOH (15 mL) for 10 h in the presence of 0.5 mL of triethyl amine (TEA). The resulting solid product was collected by filtration to give a reddish brown crystals; Yield (87%); solid, mp > 320°C; IR (KBr) νmax/ cm-1: 3373;1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 1.96 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.37-7.25 (m, 13H, Ar-H), 8.86 (s, 2H, 2CH imidazo-H), 12.82 (s, 2H, 2NH); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 157.2, 148.2, 147.6, 141.4, 138.5, 134.2, 129.2, 128.8, 125.0, 124.9, 124.5, 112.5, 1007.1, 15.8; MS m/z(%): 540[M+, 57%]; Anal. calcd. for C31H20N6S2: C, 68.87; H, 3.73; N, 15.54; S, 11.86; Found: C, 68.79; H, 3.76; N, 15.53; S, 11.89.

5,5'-(3-Methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(1H-imidazo[1,2-b] [1, 2, 4]triazole) (7)

A mixture of compound 2 (236 mg, 0.5 mmol) and 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole (84 mg, 1 mmol) was heated under reflux for 8 h in EtOH (10 mL) in the presence of 0.5 mL of (TEA). The solid product was collected by filtration to give brown crystals; Yield (79%); solid, mp > 320°C; IR (KBr) νmax/ cm-1: 3410;1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 1.92 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.52-7.42 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 8.52 (s, 2H, 2CH), 9.86 (s, 2H, 2 N = CH), 12.41 (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 163.0, 156.5, 148.4,144.4, 140.9, 137.8, 129.7, 124.0, 120.1, 15.4;MS m/z(%): 442[M+, 46%]; Anal. calcd. for C21H14N8S2: C, 57.00; H, 3.19; N, 25.32; S, 14.49; Found: C, 56.91; H, 3.22; N, 25.12; S, 14.59.

General procedure for the synthesis of compounds 8a-c (GP3)

A mixture of compound 2 (0.472 g, 1 mmol), and urea derivatives (2 equiv., 2 mmol) was refluxed in EtOH (15 mL) for 6–8 h in the presence of 0.5 mL of (TEA). The solid product was collected by filtration to give the corresponding products 8a-c.

4,4'-(3-Methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)dioxazol-2-amine (8a)

8a was prepared from urea following GP3 as a brown powder crystals; Yield (73%); solid, mp > 320°C;IR (KBr) νmax/ cm-1: 1622, 3441;1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 1.79 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.76 (s, 4H, 2NH2), 7.38-7.53 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 7.54 (s, 2H, 2CH); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 159.3, 148.8, 148.1, 136.0, 134.3, 129.8,14.8; MS m/z(%): 394[M+, 2%]; Anal. calcd. for C19H14N4O2S2: C, 57.85; H, 3.58; N, 14.20; O, 8.11; S, 16.26; Found: C, 57.74; H, 3.52; N, 14.32; S, 16.34.

4,4'-(3-Methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)dithiazol-2-amine (8b)

8b was prepared from thiourea following GP3 as a dark green powder crystals; Yield (75%); solid, mp 260–261°C; IR (KBr)νmax/ cm-1: 1620, 3439; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 1.76 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.56 (s, 4H, 2NH2), 7.38-7.53 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 7.54 (s, 2H, 2CH); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 160.1, 148.8, 148.1, 136.1, 134.3, 129.6, 128.8, 14.8; MS m/z(%): 426 [M+, 2%]; Anal. calcd. for C19H14N4S4: C, 53.49; H, 3.31; N, 13.13; S, 30.07 Found: C, 52.64; H, 3.51; N, 13.34; S, 30.32.

4,4'-(3-Methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(1H-imidazol-2-amine) (8c)

8c was prepared from guanidine following GP3 as a brown powder crystals; Yield (75%); solid, mp > 320°C; IR (KBr) νmax/ cm-1: 1624, 3420;1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 1.87 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.74 (s, 4H, 2NH2), 7.38-7.53 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 7.51 (s, 2H, 2CH), 12.31 (s, 2H, 2NH); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 158.4, 148.8, 148.1, 136.0, 134.3, 129.5, 128.8, 14.8; MS m/z(%): 392[M+, 2%]; Anal. calcd. for C19H16N6S2: C, 58.14; H, 4.11; N, 21.41; S, 16.34; Found: C, 57.64; H, 4.21; N, 21.31; S, 16.29.

General procedure for the synthesis of compounds 9a,b (GP4)

A mixture of compound 2 (236 mg, 0.5 mmol) and aniline derivatives (2 equiv., 1 mmol) in EtOH (15 mL) was refluxed for 6–8 h in the presence of 0.5 mL of (TEA). The solid product was collected by filtration to give the corresponding products 9a,b.

1,1'-(3-Methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(2-(phenylamino) ethanone) (9a)

9a was prepared from aniline following GP4 as a pale green powder crystals; Yield (90%); solid, mp > 320°C; IR (KBr) νmax/ cm-1: 1651, 3385; 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 2.02 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.42 (s, 4H, 2CH2), 6.22-7.57 (m, 15H, Ar-H), 7.61 (s, 2H, 2NH); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 181.0, 147.5, 134.2, 129.7, 129.6, 129.1, 129.0, 120.0, 114.4, 113.9,67.9, 14.8; MS m/z(%): 496[M+, 3%]; Anal. calcd. for C29H24N2O2S2: C, 70.13; H, 4.87; N, 5.64; O, 6.44; S, 12.91; Found: C, 71.23; H, 4.37; N, 5.34; S, 12.96.

1,1'-(3-Methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(2-(4-chlorophenylamino) ethanone) (9b)

9b was prepared from p-chloroaniline following GP4 as a pale brown powder crystals; Yield (89%); solid, mp > 320°C:IR (KBr) νmax/ cm-1:1651, 3387;1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ 2.03 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.41 (s, 4H, 2CH2), 6.23-7.58 (m, 13H, Ar-H), 7.63 (s, 2H, 2NH); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6)(ppm): 181.1, 147.5, 134.2, 129.7, 129.6, 129.1, 129.0, 120.0, 114.4, 113.9, 67.8, 14.8; MS m/z(%): 565[M+, 2%]; Anal. calcd. for C29H22Cl2N2O2S2: C, 61.59; H, 3.92; N, 4.95; S, 11.34; Found: C, 60.79; H, 3.87; N, 4.90; S, 12.24.

Biological activities

Various In vitro assays were performed to the assessment of biological activity of newly synthesized compounds. Results were presented here as means ± standard error from triplicate (n = 3) observation. IC50 values were calculated by using EZ-FIT, Enzyme kinetics software by Perrella Scientific.

Anticancer activity

Cytotoxic activity of compounds was evaluated in 96-well flat-bottomed microplates by using the standard MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, MP) colorimetric assay [39]. For this purpose, PC3 cells (Prostrate Cancer) were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium, supplemented with 10% of fetal bovine serum (FBS, PAA), 100 IU/mL of penicillin and 100 μ g/mL of streptomycin in 75 cm2 flasks, and kept in 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C. Exponentially growing cells were harvested, counted with haemocytometer and diluted with a particular medium with 5% FBS. Cell culture with the concentration of 1x105 cells/mL was prepared and introduced (100 μL/well) into 96-well plates. After overnight incubation, medium was removed and 200 μL of fresh medium was added with different concentrations of compounds (1-30 μM). Stock solution, 20 mM of compounds were prepared in 100% DMSO and final concentration of DMSO at 30 μM is 0.15% .After 48 hrs, 200 μL MTT (0.5 mg/mL) was added to each well and incubated further for 4 hrs. Subsequently, 100 μL of DMSO was added to each well. The extent of MTT reduction to formazan within cells was calculated by measuring the absorbance at 570 nm, using a micro plate reader (Spectra Max plus, Molecular Devices, CA, USA). The cytotoxicity was recorded as concentration causing 50% growth inhibition (IC50) for PC3 cells. The percent inhibition was calculated by using the following formula:

% inhibition = 100-((mean of O.D of test compound – mean of O.D of negative control)/ (mean of O.D of positive control – mean of O.D of negative control)*100).

The results (% inhibition) were processed by using Soft- Max Pro software (Molecular Device, USA).

In vitroantioxidant activity

Test samples were allowed to react with stable free radical, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH, Wako Chemicals USA, Inc.)) for half an hour at 37°C. Various concentrations of test samples (prepared in DMSO) were incubated with DPPH (300 μM; prepared in ethanol). After incubation, decrease in absorption was measured at 515 nm using a microplate reader (SpectraMax plus 384). Percentage radical scavenging activity (% RSA) by samples was determined, in comparison with a DMSO- treated control group.% Radical scavenging activity was calculated by using the formula given in statistical analysis section [40].

In vitro β-glucuronidase inhibition assay

β-Glucuronidase inhibitory activity was determined by the spectrophotometric method by measuring the absorbance at 405 nm of p-nitrophenol formed from the substrate (p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide N1627-250 mg (Sigma Aldrich). The total reaction volume was 250 μL. The compound (5 μL) was dissolved in DMSO (100%), which becomes 2% in the ultimate assay (250 μL) and the similar conditions were used for standard (D-saccharic acid 1, 4-lactone, Sigma Aldrich). The reaction mixture contained 185 μL of 0.1 M acetate buffer, 5 μL of test compound solution, 10 μL of (1U) enzyme solution (G7396-25KU, Sigma Aldrich) was incubated at 37°C for 30 min. The plates were read on a multiplate reader (SpectraMax plus 384) at 405 nm after the addition of 50 μL of 0.4 mM p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide. All assays were performed in triplicate. IC50 Values were calculated by using EZ-Fit software (Perrella Scientific Inc., Amherst, MA, U.S.A.). These values are the mean of three independent readings [41].

In vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay

α-Glucosidase inhibition assay was performed spectrophotometrically. α-Glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (G0660-750UN, Sigma Aldrich), was dissolved in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8., 50 mM). Test compounds were dissolved in 70% DMSO. In 96-well plates, 20 μL of test sample, 20 μL of enzyme and 135 μL of buffer were added and incubated for 15 minutes at 37°C. After incubation, 25 μL of p-nitrophenyl- α -D-glucopyranoside (0.7 mM, Sigma Aldrich) was added and change in absorbance was monitored for 30 minutes at 400 nm. Test compound was replaced by DMSO (7.5% final) as control. Acarbose (Acarbose, Sigma Aldrich) was used as a standard inhibitor [42].

References

  1. Heeney M, Bailey C, Genevicius K, Shkunov M, Sparrowe D, Tierney S, Mculloch I: Stable polythiophene semiconductors incorporating thieno[2,3-b]thiophene. J Am Chem Soc. 2005, 127: 1078-1079. 10.1021/ja043112p.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mashraqui SH, Sangvikar YS, Meetsma A: Synthesis and structures of thieno[2,3-b]thiophene incorporated [3.3]dithiacyclophanes. Enhanced first hyper polarizability in an unsymmetrically polarized cyclophane. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47: 5599-5602. 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.05.098.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Shefer N, Rozen S: The Oxygenation of Thieno[2,3-b]thiophenes. J Org Chem. 2010, 75: 4623-4625. 10.1021/jo100702f.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Leriche PRJ, Turbiez MM, Monroche V, Allain M, Sauvage FX, Roncali J, Frere P, Skabara PJ: Linearly extended tetrathiafulvalene analogues with fused thiophene units as π conjugated spacers. J Mater Chem. 2003, 13: 1324-1327. 10.1039/b301149f.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lee B, Seshadri V, Palko H, Sotzing GA: Ring-sulfonatedpoly(thienothiophene). J Adv Mater. 2005, 17: 1792-1795. 10.1002/adma.200500210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lim E, Jung BJ, Lee J, Shim HK, Lee JI, Yang YS, Do LM: Thin-film morphologies and solution-processable field-effect transistor behavior of a fluorine-thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-based conjugated copolymer. Macromolecules. 2005, 38: 4531-4535. 10.1021/ma048128e.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kim HS, Kim YH, Kim TH, Noh YY, Pyo S, Yi MH, Kim DY, Kwon SK: Synthesis and studies on 2-hexylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene end-capped oligomers for OTFTs. Chem Mater. 2007, 19: 3561-3567. 10.1021/cm070053g.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Jarak I, Kralj M, Piantanida I, Suman L, Zinic M, Pavelic K, Karminski-Zamola G: Novel cyano- and amidino-substituted derivatives of thieno[2,3-b]- and thien- o[3,2-b]thiophene-2-carboxanilides and thieno[30,20:4,5]thieno- and thieno [20,30:4,5] thieno[2,3-c]quinolones: Synthesis, photochemical synthesis, DNA binding, and antitumor evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006, 14: 2859-2868. 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Peters D, Hornfeldt AB, Gronowitz S: Synthesis of various 5-substituted uracils. J Heterocycl Chem. 1990, 27: 2165-2173. 10.1002/jhet.5570270756.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kukolja S, Draheim SE, Graves BJ, Hunden DC, Pfeil JL, Cooper RDG, Ott JL, Couter FT: Orally absorbable cephalosporin antibiotics. 2. Structure-activity studies of bicyclic glycine derivatives of 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid. J Med Chem. 1985, 28: 1896-1903. 10.1021/jm00150a023.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Prugh JD, Hartman GD, Mallorga PJ, McKeever BM, Michelson SR, Murcko MA, Schwam H, Smith RL, Sondey JM, Springer JP: New isomeric classes of topically active ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: 5-substituted thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2-sulfonamides and 5-substituted thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2-sulfonamides. J Med Chem. 1991, 34: 1805-1818. 10.1021/jm00110a008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Egbertson MS, Cook JJ, Bednar B, Prugh JD, Bednar RA, Gaul SL, Gould RJ, Hartman GD, Homnick CF, Holahan MA, Libby LA, Lynch JJ, Lynch RJ, Sitko GR, Stranieri MT, Vassallo LM: Non-peptide GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors. 20. Centrally constrained thienothiopheneα-sulfonamides are potent, long acting in vivo inhibitors of platelet aggregation. J Med Chem. 1999, 42: 2409-2421. 10.1021/jm980722p.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Mabkhot YN, Kheder NA, Al-Majid AM: Facile and convenient synthesis of new thieno[2,3-b]thiophene derivatives. Molecules. 2010, 15: 9418-9426. 10.3390/molecules15129418.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Mabkhot YN: Synthesis and chemical characterisation of new bis-thieno[2,3-b]thiophene derivatives. Molecules. 2010, 15: 3329-3337. 10.3390/molecules15053329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Mabkhot YN: Synthesis and analysis of some bis-heterocyclic compounds containing sulphur. Molecules. 2009, 14: 1904-1914. 10.3390/molecules14051904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mabkhot YN, Al-Majid AM, Alamary AS, Warad I, Sedigi Y: Reactions of Some New Thienothiophene Derivatives. Molecules. 2011, 16: 5142-5148. 10.3390/molecules16065142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kheder NA, Mabkhot YN: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of Some Novel Bis-[,]thiadiazole and Bis-thiazole Pendant to Thieno[2,3-b]thiophene Moiety. Int J Mol Sci. 2012, 13: 3661-3670. 10.3390/ijms13033661.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Mabkhot NY, Barakat A, Al-Majid AM, Alshahrani SA: Comprehensive and facile synthesis of some functionalized bis-heterocyclic compounds containing a thieno[2,3-b]thiophene motif. Int J Mol Sci. 2012, 13: 2263-2275. 10.3390/ijms13022263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mabkhot YN, Barakat A, Al-Majid AM, Alamary AS, Al-Nahary TT: A novel and Expedient Approach to New Heterocycles Containing Thiazole, Thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine. Int J Mol Sci. 2012, 13: 5035-5047. 10.3390/ijms13045035.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Mabkhot YN, Barakat A, Al-Majid AM, Choudhary MI: Synthesis of thieno [2, 3 -b] thiophene containing bis-heterocycles-novel pharmacophores. Int J Mol Sci. 2013, 14: 5712-7522. 10.3390/ijms14035712.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Sabir HM, Sangvikar YS, Ghadigaonkar SG, Ashraf M, Meetsma A: Oxa-bridged cyclophanes featuring thieno[2,3-b]thiophene and C 2 -symmetric binol or bis-naphthol rings: Synthesis, structures, and conformational studies. Tetrahedron. 2008, 64: 8837-8842. 10.1016/j.tet.2008.06.076.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sabir HM, Ashraf M, Hariharasubrahmanian H, Kelloggb RM, Meetsma A: Donor-acceptor thieno[2,3-b]thiophene systems: Synthesis and structural study of 3-anisyl-4-pyridyl(pyridinium) thieno[2,3-b]thiophenes. J Mol Struct. 2004, 689: 107-113. 10.1016/j.molstruc.2003.10.026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Bugge A: Preparation of some brominated thieno[2,3-b]thiophenes and thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes. Acta Chem Scand. 1969, 23: 2704-2710.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mashraqui SH, Sangvikar YS, Ashraf M, Kumar S, Daub E: Dipyridyl/pyridiniumthieno[2,3-b]thiophenes as new atropisomeric systems. Synthesis, conformat-ional analysis and energy minimization. Tetrahedron. 2005, 61: 3507-3513. 10.1016/j.tet.2005.01.123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Liu M-G, Hu Y-G, Ding M-W: New iminophosphorane-mediated synthesis of thieno[3’,2’:4,5]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones and 5H–2,3-dithia-5,7-diaza-cyclopenta[c, d]indenes. Tetrahedron. 2008, 64: 9052-9059. 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.036.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wu YX, Cao J, Deng HY, Feng JX: Synthesis, complexation, and fluorescence behavior of 3,4-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene carrying two monoaza-15-crown-5 ether groups. Spectrochim Acta Part A. 2011, 82: 340-344. 10.1016/j.saa.2011.07.058.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. McCulloch I, Heeney M, Chabinyc ML, Delongchamp D, Kline RJ, Cölle M, Duffy W, Fischer D, Gundlach D, Hamadani B: Semiconducting thienothiophene copolymers: Design, synthesis, morphology, and performance in thin-film organic transistors. Adv Mater. 2009, 21: 1091-1109. 10.1002/adma.200801650.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sabir HM, Sanghvikar Y, Ghadhigaonkar S, Kumar S, Meetsma A, TrânHuuDâu E: [3.3]Dithia-bridged cyclophanes featuring a thienothiophene ring: Synthesis, structuresand conformational analysis. Beilstein J Org Chem. 2009, 5: 1-8.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Gronowitz S: The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds: Thiophene and Its Derivatives. Edited by: Gronowitz S. 1991, New York, NY, USA: Wiley, Volume 44, Part 3, Chapter 2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. Quiroga J, Hernandez P, Insuasty B, Abonia R, Cobo J, Sanchez A, Nogueras M, Low JN: Control of the reaction between 2-aminobenzothiazoles and mannich bases: Synthesis of pyrido[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazoles versus [1,3]benzothiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolines. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1. 2002, 4: 555-559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hutchinson I, Jennings SA, Vishnuvajjala BR, Westwell AD, Stevens MFG: Antitumor benzothiazoles: 16 synthesis and pharmaceutical properties of antitumor 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole amino acid prodrugs. J Med Chem. 2002, 45: 744-747. 10.1021/jm011025r.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hargrave KD, Hess FK, Oliver JT: N-(4-Substituted-thiazolyl)oxamic acid derivatives, new series of potent, orally active antiallergy agents. J Med Chem. 1983, 26: 1158-1163. 10.1021/jm00362a014.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Patt WC, Hamilton HW, Taylor MD, Ryan MJ, Taylor DGJ, Connolly CJC, Doherty AM, Klutchko SR, Sircar I, Steinbaugh BA: Structure-activity relationships of a series of 2-amino-4-thiazole containing renin inhibitors. J Med Chem. 1992, 35: 2562-2572. 10.1021/jm00092a006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sharma RN, Xavier FP, Vasu KK, Chaturvedi SC, Pancholi SS: Synthesis of 4-benzyl-1,3-thiazole derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents: An analogue-based drug design approach. J Enzym Inhib Med Chem. 2009, 24: 890-897. 10.1080/14756360802519558.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Jaen JC, Wise LD, Caprathe BW, Tecle H, Bergmeier S, Humblet CC, Heffner TG, Meltzner LT, Pugsley TA: 4-(1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-1-alkyl-3-pyridinyl)-2-thiazolamines: A novel class of compounds with central dopamine agonist properties. J Med Chem. 1990, 33: 311-317. 10.1021/jm00163a051.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Mabkhot YN, Barakat A, Alshahrani S: Expeditious and Highly Efficient Protocol for the Synthesis of Novel Diversely Substituted Thieno[2,3-b]thiophene. J Mol Struct. 2012, 1027: 15-19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Al-Nahary TT, El-Ries MAN, Mohamed GG, Attia AK, Mabkhot YN, Harone M, Barakat A: Multiclass Analysis on Repaglinide, Flubendazole, Robenidine hydrochloride and Danofloxacin drugs. Arabian Chemical Society. 2012, 6: 131-144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Mabkhot YN, Barakat A, Al-Majid AM, Al-Othman ZA, Alamary AS: A Facile and Convenient Synthesis of some Novel Hydrazones, Schiff’s Base and Pyrazoles Incorporating Thieno [2,3-b]thiophenes. Int J Mol Sci. 2011, 12: 7824-7834. 10.3390/ijms12117824.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mosmann T: Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Meth. 1983, 65: 55-63. 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Khan KM, Shah Z, Ahmad VU, Khan M, Taha M, Rahim F, Ali S, Ambreen N, Perveen S, Choudhary MI, Voelter W: 2,4,6-trichlorophenylhydrazine Schiff bases as DPPH radical and super oxide anion scavengers. Medicinal Chem. 2012, 8: 452-461. 10.2174/1573406411208030452.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Khan KM, Rahim F, Halim SA, Taha M, Khan M, Perveen S, Zaheer-Ul-Haq MMA, Choudhary MI: Synthesis of novel inhibitors of β-glucuronidase based on benzothiazole skeleton and study of their binding affinity by molecular docking. Bioorg Med Chem. 2011, 19: 4286-4294. 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.052.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Choudhary MI, Adhikari A, Rasheed S, Bishnu PM, Hussain N, Ahmad KW, Atta-ur-Rahman : Cyclopeptide alkaloids of ZiziphusoxyphyllaEdgw. as novel inhibitors of α-glucosidase enzyme and protein glycation, Phytochemistry. Letters. 2011, 4: 404-406.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors express their deepest appreciation to King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology for financial support for this research project (Project No.: D-C-11-0050).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yahia Nasser Mabkhot or Assem Barakat.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

YNM proposed the subject, designed the study, helped in the results and discussion. SA carried out the synthesis of all the products. AB and AMA conceived the study and participated in its design, results and discussion, and coordination. SY and CMI carried out the biological assay. AB and SY prepared draft the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Yahia Nasser Mabkhot, Assem Barakat, Abdullah Mohammed Al-Majid, Saeed Alshahrani and M Iqbal Choudhary contributed equally to this work.

Electronic supplementary material

13065_2013_659_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Additional file 1: Supporting information. Selected copies of spectrum (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR, and MS) for some synthesized compounds. (PDF 2 MB)

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mabkhot, Y.N., Barakat, A., Al-Majid, A.M. et al. Synthesis, reactions and biological activity of some new bis-heterocyclic ring compounds containing sulphur atom. Chemistry Central Journal 7, 112 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-7-112

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-7-112

Keywords